{"id":26723,"date":"2022-09-02T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2022-09-02T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog-staging.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/nutrition-and-sleep\/"},"modified":"2024-10-23T14:00:02","modified_gmt":"2024-10-23T14:00:02","slug":"nutrition-and-sleep","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/nutrition-and-sleep\/","title":{"rendered":"The Relationship Between Nutrition and Sleep Quality and the Best Foods to Eat for Better Sleep"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Many things can impact your overall&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/what-is-sleep-quality\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sleep quality<\/a>\u2014and nutrition plays a surprisingly large role in how well you can sleep at night.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When it comes to sleep and nutrition,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.rootedfemme.com\/meet-dr-stubbs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Brooke Stubbs<\/a>, MD, a double board-certified internal medicine and lifestyle medicine physician, sees her fair share of patients who don\u2019t achieve adequate nutrition to positively affect sleep.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, one of the top issues she sees is consuming too much caffeine late in the day, which is one of the leading offenders related to diet and sleep.&nbsp;<sup>[1]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ahead, we\u2019ll delve into the relationship between sleep and nutrition and offer easy dietary changes you can make to improve your sleep. We\u2019ll also share a list of the best foods for sleep.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is nutrition?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Just so you have an understanding before going further, Stubbs defines nutrition as \u201cthe exogenous [external] components of food and supplements that provide our bodies with biochemicals necessary for energy, growth, and cellular function.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In other words? Nutrition is what fuels everything you do, from your waking hours to your sleeping hours.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/images.prismic.io\/saatva-blog\/fe4ae19b-b2e2-490b-9ddd-431ceaea7f91_nutrition-and-sleep-infographic.jpg?auto=compress,format&amp;rect=125,0,4822,16072&amp;w=1200&amp;h=4000\" alt=\"nutrition and sleep infographic\"\/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-what-s-the-relationship-between-nutrition-and-sleep-quality\"><strong>What\u2019s the relationship between nutrition and sleep quality?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There\u2019s a scientifically proven connection between nutrition and sleep and sleep and nutrition.&nbsp;<sup>[2, 3]<\/sup>&nbsp;Basically, it\u2019s widely known that a well-rounded diet can support healthy sleep.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When you sleep well, you\u2019re more likely to make healthy food choices, and the opposite is also true: If you eat poorly, then chances are you\u2019ll sleep poorly.<sup>&nbsp;[2]<\/sup>&nbsp;And if you sleep poorly, you\u2019ll be more likely to make bad choices when it comes to food.&nbsp;<sup>[4]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stubbs says this all comes down to your&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/circadian-rhythm\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">circadian rhythm<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEvery single cell in our body works on a circadian clock, meaning it has phases for specific functions that are entrained with our sleep and wake cycles,\u201d she explains. \u201cThe goal of the circadian rhythm is to keep the body in balance. If we are following a regulated pattern, our body is constantly working to get back in balance.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>When you sleep well, you\u2019re more likely to make healthy food choices, and the opposite is also true: If you eat poorly, then chances are you\u2019ll sleep poorly.<sup>&nbsp;<\/sup>And if you sleep poorly, you\u2019ll be more likely to make bad choices when it comes to food.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Eating too close to bedtime is one way food can affect circadian rhythm.&nbsp;<sup>[2, 5]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cEating any kind of food too close to bedtime, when the lights start to dim and our cells are ready to shift to the restorative portion of the cycle, throws off their pattern and is detrimental to their function and ultimately our overall health,\u201d Stubbs says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nutrition can also impact the restoration that\u2019s needed during sleep, which replenishes your body\u2019s energy stores and repairs damage. \u201cWe can\u2019t enter this portion cycle if we are still breaking down and metabolizing food,\u201d Stubbs explains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What you eat is also important.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First, different types of food can affect the major hormone transmitters in the body responsible for maintaining circadian rhythms and homeostasis, or \u201ca normal balance within the body,\u201d says Stubbs.&nbsp;<sup>[6]&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adequate nutrients can also act as building blocks for falling asleep and achieving good-quality sleep. We\u2019ll get into this in a bit, but some of the key nutrients for healthy sleep are calcium, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/magnesium-for-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">magnesium<\/a>, potassium, and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/b-vitamins-and-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">B vitamins<\/a>.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fiber plays an especially important role in nutrition and sleep. Fiber from plant foods is the fuel for&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/gut-health-and-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">healthy gut microbes<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A 2016 study published in the&nbsp;<em>Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine<\/em>&nbsp;found that consuming foods low in fiber and high in saturated fat and sugar is associated with lighter, less restorative sleep.<sup>&nbsp;[7]&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cMore and more studies have shown the important role these microbes play in sleep and overall health,\u201d shares Stubbs. For example, they produce serotonin, the precursor to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-melatonin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">melatonin<\/a>.\u00a0<sup>[8]<\/sup>\u00a0\u201cThe proper amount of serotonin is essential to quality sleep,\u201d says Stubbs. \u201cFiber also reduces inflammation, which improves sleep.\u201d\u00a0<sup>[9]\u00a0<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Protein is another crucial aspect of nutrition for improved sleep quality, particularly plant-based protein. According to 2024 research, plant-based proteins were linked to better quality sleep over animal protein.&nbsp;<sup>[10]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Watch this video for late-night snack ideas that can help you sleep:<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"6 Late Night Snacks to Improve Your Sleep with Christina Heiser | Saatva\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/ZQ3AWiPYPnQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What\u2019s the best diet for sleep?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>To achieve ideal sleep, there are&nbsp;certain foods&nbsp;you should always aim to consume in your diet.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cIn my opinion, a&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/vegan-diet-and-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">plant-based diet<\/a>&nbsp;rich in fiber from fruits, vegetables, whole grains, sources of omega-3, like algae, walnuts, chia, and flaxseed, and&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/vitamin-deficiency-disrupting-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">vitamin D<\/a>, like algae or a supplement, is optimal for promoting sleep quality and duration,\u201d Stubbs says.&nbsp;<sup>[10]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Adding probiotic strains to your gut through fermented foods like kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha, and miso can also provide microbiome-boosting effects for your gut that reduce inflammation and promote mood and sleep through the production of serotonin, she adds.&nbsp;<sup>[11]&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s take a closer look at the nutritional essentials for a good night\u2019s sleep:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Melatonin<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Melatonin is&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/natural-sleep-aids\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">available as a supplement<\/a>, but it\u2019s also found in food. A diet that includes foods rich in melatonin can help you get a better night\u2019s sleep without worrying about the safety or efficacy of supplements.&nbsp;<sup>[12]&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Melatonin-containing foods provide a host of&nbsp;other health benefits, such as increased antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity, cardiovascular protection, and enhanced immune function.&nbsp;<sup>[12]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources of dietary melatonin include nuts (almonds, pistachios, walnuts); fruits and berries (cherries, grapes, raspberries, strawberries); tomatoes; peppers; and wine.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Calcium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Calcium<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>helps the brain produce and use the amino acid tryptophan to manufacture melatonin.&nbsp;Several studies&nbsp;have linked calcium deficiency to difficulty falling asleep.&nbsp;<sup>[13]<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Calcium works with magnesium to relax muscles.\u00a0<sup>[14, 15]\u00a0<\/sup>Good natural sources of calcium are dairy (milk,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/cheese-before-bed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">cheese<\/a>, yogurt); citrus fruits; dark leafy greens (collards, kale, and others); nuts; soy; and fish like sardines and salmon.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Magnesium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Magnesium is a natural relaxant and an essential mineral for sleep function.<sup>\u00a0[16]\u00a0<\/sup>It helps maintain healthy levels of\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/gaba-for-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">GABA<\/a>\u00a0(gamma-aminobutyric acid), a neurotransmitter that promotes relaxation. <sup>[17]<\/sup> Magnesium deficiency is common and linked to\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/tips-for-treating-insomnia\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">insomnia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/restless-legs-syndrome-and-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">restless legs syndrome<\/a>.\u00a0<sup>[16, 18]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Magnesium-rich foods include nuts and seeds (almonds, cashews, sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds), bananas, avocados, spinach, broccoli, peas, beets, beans, and soybeans.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Potassium<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Potassium<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>increases sleep efficiency,&nbsp;improves overall sleep quality,&nbsp;and reduces episodes of waking after sleep onset.&nbsp;<sup>[19]<\/sup>&nbsp;A lack of potassium can lead to difficulty staying asleep.&nbsp;<sup>[20]&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Potassium-rich foods include bananas, carrot juice, prune juice, lima beans, white beans, potatoes, salmon, tuna, and spinach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Tryptophan<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Tryptophan<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>is an amino acid that helps your body make serotonin, a hormone associated with relaxation that is required to make melatonin.&nbsp;<sup>[21]<\/sup>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tryptophan has been shown to be effective in&nbsp;reducing sleep onset time\u2014perhaps the reason why it\u2019s most commonly associated with post-Thanksgiving dinner&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/what-is-food-coma-and-how-to-prevent-it\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">food coma<\/a>.&nbsp;<sup>[22]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A study in the&nbsp;<em>American Journal of Clinical Nutrition<\/em>&nbsp;indicated that participants who ate tryptophan-rich foods suffered less daytime sleepiness and enjoyed sustained alertness early in the morning, most likely due to improved nighttime sleep.&nbsp;<sup>[23]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foods rich in tryptophan include lean beef, poultry, shellfish, and other fish like tuna and halibut; eggs; pumpkin seeds and sesame seeds; soybeans, white beans, and chickpeas; cheddar cheese; chocolate; and dates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Vitamin B6, vitamin D, and zinc<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Vitamin B6, contained in many of the above foods, also helps convert tryptophan into melatonin.&nbsp;<sup>[24]<\/sup>&nbsp;A B6 deficiency is linked to lowered serotonin levels and poor sleep, as well as mood disorders and depression\u2014all of which can lead to insomnia.&nbsp;<sup>[25]&nbsp;<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, Vitamin B6&nbsp;supports dream recall.&nbsp;<sup>[26]<\/sup>&nbsp;Foods with vitamin B6 include chickpeas, tuna, salmon, and chicken breast.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vitamin D, too, may also play a role in sleep, as might the mineral<strong>&nbsp;<\/strong>zinc. In one study it was found that zinc, along with melatonin and magnesium,&nbsp;improves sleep quality&nbsp;for those who suffer from insomnia.&nbsp;<sup>[27]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>You can find vitamin D in cod liver oil, trout, salmon, mushrooms, and fortified items like milk and breakfast cereal. Oysters, meanwhile, are high in zinc.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Omega-3s<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Omega-3 fatty acids are linked to sleep quality because they boost the sleep-promoting effects of melatonin.&nbsp;<sup>[28]&nbsp;<\/sup>Additionally, a&nbsp;<em>Journal of Sleep Research<\/em>&nbsp;study linked omega-3 fatty acids to improved sleep in children.<sup>&nbsp;[29]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Omega-3s are found in fish (particularly fatty fish like salmon and tuna), nuts and seeds, plant oils, and fortified foods like eggs and yogurt.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What foods interfere with sleep?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Some foods&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/10-foods-avoid-before-bed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">aren\u2019t so helpful<\/a>&nbsp;for sleep. In fact, they can make it very difficult to get a good night\u2019s sleep. These include&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/caffeine-and-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">caffeine<\/a>,&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/does-alcohol-help-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">alcohol<\/a>, high-fat foods, and spicy foods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Stubbs points to studies confirming these detrimental foods. One&nbsp;double-blind study&nbsp;shows caffeine consumption decreases both sleep time and sleep quality.&nbsp;<sup>[30]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Saturated fat, the form of fat rich in animal foods, has also been associated with decreased sleep quality.&nbsp;<sup>[31]&nbsp;<\/sup>Another study shows&nbsp;red meat&nbsp;significantly decreases the secretion of urinary melatonin, also needed for sleep.&nbsp;<sup>[32]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lastly, alcohol can decrease the amount of melatonin in your body, which can cause difficulty sleeping.&nbsp;<sup>[33]<\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>FAQs<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>How does nutrition affect sleep?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201cYou are what you eat\u201d has never been truer when it comes to sleep. It can directly impact your circadian rhythm, the internal process that controls the sleep-wake cycle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What nutrients disrupt sleep?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>According to Stubbs, foods that are high in fat or contain caffeine or meals that include red meat or alcohol can greatly disturb sleep. Additionally, spicy foods aren\u2019t the best for sleep since they can bring on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/dealing-with-acid-reflux-at-night\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">acid reflux<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What nutrition helps sleep?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Stubbs encourages eating these foods to accomplish better sleep:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Plant-based foods rich in fiber, like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sources of omega-3, like algae, walnuts, chia, and flaxseed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sources of vitamin D, like algae or a supplement<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Probiotic strains found in fermented foods like kefir, kimchi, sauerkraut, kombucha, and miso<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Can poor nutrition cause insomnia?<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Poor nutrition can absolutely lead to sleep problems, such as&nbsp;insomnia. Stubbs says you need good nutrition to help promote sleep.&nbsp;\u201cEssential amino acids and fatty acids are important cofactors for the production of neurotransmitters that affect sleep,\u201d she says.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>H20 also plays a key role in sleep quality. Here\u2019s&nbsp;<\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.saatva-node-stage.tsc-starts-coding.com\/blog\/benefits-of-drinking-water-for-sleep\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>how drinking more water can improve your sleep<\/em><\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Colrain, I. M., Nicholas, C. L., &amp; Baker, F. C. (2014). Alcohol and the Sleeping Brain. Handbook of Clinical Neurology, 125, 415.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00024-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-444-62619-6.00024-0<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Drake, C., Roehrs, T., Shambroom, J., Roth, T. (2013). Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed, 9(11).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.3170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.3170<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Pattnaik, H., Mir, M., Boike, S., Kashyap, R., Khan, S. A., &amp; Surani, S. (2022). Nutritional Elements in Sleep. Cureus, 14(12).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.32803\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.32803<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Binks, H., Vincent, G. E., Gupta, C., Irwin, C., &amp; Khalesi, S. (2020). Effects of Diet on Sleep: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 12(4).&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040936\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12040936<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Greer, S. M., Goldstein, A. N., &amp; Walker, M. P. (2013). The impact of sleep deprivation on food desire in the human brain. Nature Communications, 4, 2259.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms3259\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms3259<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Cleveland Clinic. Is Eating Before Bed Bad for You?&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/is-eating-before-bed-bad-for-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/health.clevelandclinic.org\/is-eating-before-bed-bad-for-you<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhao, M., Tuo, H., Wang, S., &amp; Zhao, L. (2020). The Effects of Dietary Nutrition on Sleep and Sleep Disorders. Mediators of Inflammation, 2020.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/3142874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2020\/3142874<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>St-Onge, M.P., Roberts, A., Shechter, A., &amp; Choudhury, A. R. (2016). Fiber and saturated fat are associated with sleep arousals and slow wave sleep. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(01), 19\u201324.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.5384\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.5384<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Erland, A. E., &amp; Saxena, P. K. Melatonin Natural Health Products and Supplements: Presence of Serotonin and Significant Variability of Melatonin Content. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine: JCSM: Official Publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 13(2), 275-281.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.6462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5664\/jcsm.6462<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wirth, M. D., Jessup, A., Turner-McGrievy, G., Shivappa, N., Hurley, T. G., &amp; H\u00e9bert, J. R. (2020). Changes in dietary inflammatory potential predict changes in sleep quality metrics, but not sleep duration. 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